function and regulation of budding yeast Swe1 in response to interrupted DNA synthesis.

Periodically regulated cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) is required for DNA synthesis and mitosis. Hydroxyurea (HU) inhibits DNA synthesis by depleting dNTPs, the basic unit for DNA synthesis. HU treatment triggers the S-phase checkpoint, which arrests cells at S-phase, inhibits late origin firing and stabilizes replication forks. Using budding yeast as a model system, we found that Swe1, a negative regulator of Cdk, appears at S-phase and accumulates in HU treatment cells. Interestingly, this accumulation is not dependent on S-phase checkpoint. Deltahsl1, Deltahsl7, and cdc5-2 mutants, which have defects in Swe1 degradation, show HU sensitivity because of high Swe1 protein levels. We further demonstrated that their HU sensitivity is not a result of DNA damage accumulation or incomplete DNA synthesis; instead the sensitivity is due to their dramatically delayed recovery from HU-induced S-phase arrest. Strikingly, our in vivo data indicate that Swe1 inhibits the kinase activity of Clb2-Cdk1, but not that of Clb5-Cdk1. Therefore, S-phase accumulated Swe1 prevents Clb2-Cdk1-mediated mitotic activities, but has little effects on Clb5-Cdk1-associated S-phase progression.