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Some of the material in is restricted to members of the community. By logging in, you may be able to gain additional access to certain collections or items. If you have questions about access or logging in, please use the form on the Contact Page.
Climate change presents added risks as well as related opportunities for the insurance industry and financial sector. Implications must be evaluated for property, casualty and life insurance industry segments as well as for the financial...
High-resolution regional models of the ocean circulation are now operated on a routine basis using realistic setups in many regions of the world, with the aim to be used for both scientific purposes and practical applications involving...
Operational oceanography is like weather forecasting for the ocean, it provides estimates of ocean variables (temperature, currents, surface height, etc.) for the past, present, and future. There is a systematic focus on sustained...
Climate change and sea level rise have made obsolete the notion that law and policy develop in the context of a relatively stable natural environment. The need of communities to adapt to climate change and sea level rise reflects the...
Florida supports diverse marine and freshwater fisheries and a significant aquaculture industry with a combined economic impact of approximately 15 billion US$. We begin by describing the characteristics of the different fisheries and...
The concept of “coupled modelling” is a broad one with many different meanings and understandings within the operational oceanography community and beyond. Here we focus specifically on coupled atmosphere-ocean models and how these are...
Operational ocean data assimilation is necessary to continually correct and maintain accurate ocean forecasts. The primary GODAE objective was prediction of mesoscale eddies, and the science community has successfully addressed this...
Florida’s unique location in the contiguous United States ensures that the effects of climate change will be significant and persistent across the state. Florida’s current economy and its population have developed energy use patterns...
In recent years, high-resolution (“eddying”) global three-dimensional ocean general circulation models have begun to include astronomical tidal forcing alongside atmospheric forcing. Such models can carry an internal tide field with a...
Sea level rise is naturally a topic of concern to many Floridians. Our intention in this chapter is to give the reader enough information on this topic to inform decisions about future adaptation strategies. We begin by reviewing how we...
In the last 20-30 years, much progress has been made in the deployment of sustained, nationally and internationally coordinated ocean observing programs. These include the Argo array of profiling floats, ocean glider missions, the global...
Learning about Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service “CMEMS”: A Practical Introduction to the Use of the European Operational Oceanography Service
The Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS; http://marine.copernicus.eu) is one of the six services of the European Copernicus Programme for Earth Observation (http://www.copernicus.eu). CMEMS was implemented by Mercator...
This book is a compilation of the lectures presented at the school and presents a summary of the current state-of-the-art in operational oceanography research.
An objective index of the onset and demise of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is introduced. This index has the advantage of simplicity by using only one variable, which is the spatially averaged all-India rainfall, a reliably observed...
Climate change poses major challenges to human society and to Earth systems, influencing the functioning of many ecosystems and thereby affecting human health. Many climate change/variability- and extreme weather-associated events, such...
Production forestry provides substantial benefits to the state of Florida, including the provision of ecosystem services, such as regulation of water quantity and quality, provision of wildlife habitat and carbon sequestration, and...
Predictions of marine biogeochemistry are of importance for a range of applications, from operational forecasting of harmful algal blooms, to seasonal prediction of primary production, to understanding the influence of the marine carbon...
In this chapter, we describe Florida’s agriculture, the vulnerability of its crops and livestock to climate change and possible adaptation strategies. Much of Florida’s agricultural success is linked to its moderate climate, which allows...
This chapter reviews basic concepts about the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and its global climatic impacts. It also highlights progress in understanding, observing, and predicting ENSO timescale variations, focusing on the...
Four regional climate model runs centered on the Southeast United States (SEUS) assuming a crop growing season of May through October are irrigated at 25% (IRR25), 50% (IRR50), 75% (IRR75), and 100% (IRR100) of the root zone porosity to...
Jellyfish includes creatures that are mostly constituted by water and have a gelatinous consistency. In this chapter, after providing a biological description of these organisms, the scales of variability associated to their life cycle...
Florida’s climate system, which is nested within regional and global climate systems, cannot be fully understood without including human dimensions that interact with the climate systems in two principal ways: 1) where social systems...
This chapter provides examples demonstrating the relevance of integrating operational oceanography data from ocean observing systems and ecological and fisheries assessment models to improve the management of marine living resources....
In this study we show that the robust surface ocean currents around Peninsular Florida, namely, the Loop and the Florida Currents, affect the terrestrial wet season of Peninsular Florida. We show this through two novel regional coupled...
Wind-generated waves dominate sea surface motions for periods shorter than 300 seconds. Waves are of interest for many applications ranging from navigation safety to ocean and coastal engineering. Waves also define air-sea fluxes and...
Florida’s peninsula extending ~700 km north-to-south, extensive shoreline (2, 100 km), and broad carbonate platform create a diversity of marine habitats (estuaries, lagoons, bays, beach, reef, shelf, pelagic) along the coast, and...
One of the new frontiers in operational oceanography includes progress in observing and modeling the coastal ocean. In addition to this, it is becoming increasingly important to bring operational oceanographic data to industry in a...
Sea ice is a fascinating media, of which modelling is in its infancy compared to the ocean and atmosphere. This chapter focuses on the new frontiers in sea ice modelling and forecasting, with particular attention on sea ice dynamics. It...
Operational oceanography is now established in many countries, focusing on global, regional, or coastal areas, and targeting different aspects of the « blue », « white » or « green » ocean processes in order to provide reliable...
This chapter examines Florida’s extreme weather hazards: 1) why they happen, 2) their relation to interannual to multidecadal climate variability, and 3) the potential of each hazard and spatial variability across the state. The weather...
The chapter starts with an overview of satellite oceanography, its role and use for operational oceanography. Main principles of satellite oceanography techniques are summarized. We then describe key techniques of radar altimetry, sea...
The Florida peninsula, with its close proximity to the equator surrounded by robust surface and deep water ocean currents, has a unique climate. Generally, its climate is mild with variations on numerous time scales, punctuated by...
We present our understanding of Florida’s paleoclimate for the past ~50 million years (Myr). The paleoclimate of the Florida Platform is closely linked to global paleoclimate. Global climate change over the past 50 Myr is a record of...
Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are important parameters of the ocean that influence ocean circulation, air-sea interactions, and biogeochemistry. In the past few decades, since SST measurements from space...
This chapter provides an overview of land use and land cover change in Florida over the past 100 years and a summary of how it may change in the future. We begin by providing a baseline description of Florida’s pre-1900 land cover, ...
We begin this chapter on in situ biogeochemical observations by presenting the three major areas of societal benefit related to ocean observations: climate, operational ocean services, and ocean health. Biogeochemistry constitutes a...
Water resources systems in Florida are unique and exhibit significant diversity in hydrogeologic characteristics and in rainfall and temperature patterns. In many parts of the state, both surface and groundwater systems are complex, ...
The Spanish ports demand operational oceanography products for their operation. In recent years, this demand has been fulfilled by SAMOA project. SAMOA (Sistema de Apoyo Meteorológico y Oceanográfico a las Autoridades portuarias - System...
This chapter describes both the nature of and anthropogenic mechanisms for climate change, as well as how scenarios and projections of future climate change are made. Specific emphasis is placed on understanding the changes over the near...
Operational oceanography combines models and observations to assess and predict the ocean state. While the mechanisms of forcing and equations of fluid motion for the ocean are known, present computers cannot solve all of the relevant...
This chapter describes recent advances in improving altimetry observations over the ocean for the detection of fine-scale ocean dynamics. The first section gives an overview of the different satellite radar altimetry techniques being...
Tourism is one of the largest economic industries in Florida. In 2015, a record 106.3 million tourists visited Florida (about five visitors per resident), with an economic impact of about $90 billion. Tourism also provides additional...
This chapter focuses on ocean circulation models used in operational oceanography, physical oceanography and climate science. Ocean circulation models are a particular branch of ocean numerical modeling that focuses on the representation...
This chapter looks at how the impacts of climate change affect different parts of Florida. With more than 1500 miles of coastline that contains numerus differences in character between the state’s southern-most point in the Florida Keys...
Ocean reanalyses are becoming increasingly available and useful, and may eventually attract a similar applications base as atmospheric reanalyses. Here we look at how they are being evaluated against both assimilated and independent data...
Florida’s rich biodiversity is the product of climatic conditions, geographic position, and underlying geology. Interactions of these factors over time have led to the state’s unique biota, with Florida ranking fourth in the nation for...
Mercator Ocean monitoring and forecasting systems are routinely operated in real time since early 2001. They have been regularly upgraded through several systems of increasing complexity, expanding the geographical coverage from regional...
This chapter describes the sources and mechanisms for climate variability in Florida across timescales (i.e., seasonal-to-decadal) and how they are used to make predictions. Current capabilities in terms of prediction quality, with an...
The exchange of heat and momentum through the air-sea surface are critical aspects of ocean forcing and ocean modeling. Over most of the global oceans, there are few in situ observations that can be used to estimate these fluxes. This...
Some of the material in is restricted to members of the community. By logging in, you may be able to gain additional access to certain collections or items. If you have questions about access or logging in, please use the form on the Contact Page.
